(i美股讯)德意志银行DWS(中国)基金经理人@花生余 先生周日在雪球上发表对全球市场一周回顾,认为欧债危机仍然是投资者关注的焦点,而欧债危机的核心问题仍然是经济增长,但这一问题无法速战速决。
以下是花生余先生英文文章的编译:
“市场下跌及反弹、政治格局洗牌和经济衰退等,这一切都与欧债危机息息相关。”本周,市场相当不稳定,但受希腊和意大利国内政局变化等利好消息的影响,风险资产实现了净增长,而一些作为避险天堂的债券的收益率上升。利空消息和利好消息对股市的影响是不对称的,利空消息导致的股市下跌有限,而利好消息能带来更明显的反弹。大多数资金流动数据显示,基金仓位仍然处于较低水平,表明如果没有大的负面消息,股市将进一步上涨。公司财报季也是推动股市上涨的积极因素。更为重要的是,公司利润率似乎在过去一年有所上升。标准普尔500指数公司今年第三季度每股收益同比增长16%,而每股销售收入同比增长11%。
在当前存在如此多的市场风险、未知因素、波动、失衡和单纯政治无能的情形下,风险资产市场的上涨似乎不符常理。但作为投资者,最根本的问题是什么地方能给你带来回报?现在,现金和美国债券的收益率仍然接近历史低点(0-2%),在计入税收和通货膨胀后,这些收益率都是为负数。相比之下,股票收益率(收益系数加上通货膨胀率)处于历史较高水平(8-10%),但很明显这要求投资者购入价格非常不稳定的资产。因此,上个月我看到大量资金流入股市和偏股型基金,其中大部分我认为是出于避险的需要。
宏观经济方面,市场对美国经济增长可能陷于停滞的恐慌有所减轻,但没有完全消失。这一周,美国贸易数据、首次申领失业救济人数和消费者信心指数都出人意料地实现上升。尽管如此,华盛顿各方对达成明年(同时也对未来十年)赤字削减计划仍然没有妥协的迹象。在中国,通货膨胀率的持续下降和货币政策有变得更为宽松的动向大大减少了对中国经济硬着陆的担忧。不利的一面,泰国洪水对供应链的影响(占总额的40%)将与3月的日本海啸不相上下。泰国洪水将使本季度世界工业总产值缩水2.25%,相当于全球国内生产总值增长缩水0.5%。
欧债危机仍然是投资者关注的焦点,而这样做无疑是正确的。10月26日欧盟首脑会议取得了积极的进展承诺加强财政方面的团结(救助)和纪律(紧缩),但很多细节需要进一步完善。本周,我们看到这种“胡萝卜加大棒”的政策取得了一些进展,希腊有了一个新总理,意大利下周似乎也会有一个新总理。由于对陷入债务危机欧元区成员国进行财政援助的前提条件财政紧缩政策正在实施,欧元区债权国信心增加。
但是,欧元区债务国要摆脱危机不能仅仅依靠财政紧缩政策,因为这些国家经济正陷入衰退,即使税率提高,税收收入仍在下降。这就是为什么市场将部分注意力转向意大利,特别是在清算企业LCH.Clearnet提高意大利国债的保证金要求后。这导致了意大利国债收益率大飙升。幸运的是,意大利50亿欧元的国债成功售出、意大利参议院通过财政紧缩方案和意大利总理的变更有助于恢复市场信心。
意大利十年期国债收益率重新下降至关键的7%以下,但在其刚完成的1年期国债拍卖中,支付的收益率达6.087%,创下14年来新高。在上个月完成的一个类似拍卖中,支付的收益率才为3.57%。意大利10年期国债较可比德国国债收益率差持于16年最高的约494基点,对于意大利来说,这么高的国债收益率是难以持续的。如果如此高的国债收益率长时间维持,市场将怀疑评级机构将不得不采取行动。事实上,穆迪曾表示,如果有证据表明意大利经济持续疲软、财政稳定目标无法实现、借贷成本继续上升,则其主权债务A2(前景为负面)的评级可能被下调。
此外,如果市场购买意大利国债的意愿下降,而意大利获得外部流动性支持的能力长期处于不明朗状态,意大利主权评级可能被大幅下调。因此,意大利还有很多地方值得关注。未来几个月,意大利将出台一系列重大措施,这仍将成为市场关注的焦点。
公平地说,此次欧元区应对债务/银行危机的政治进程按以往标准是迅速的,但对于投资者来说仍然太慢,对于如何达成一项决议显得毫无章法。该地区的政治太像一部肥皂剧。意大利总理贝卢斯科尼虽然终于同意辞职,但要在议会通过欧洲联盟要求的经济改革方案后才会正式辞职。此外,贝卢斯科尼所在政党对于他辞职后是否提前举行大选仍有分歧。与此同时,希腊新政府将宣誓就职,并将举行大选的日期目前暂定为明年2月19日。因此,这两个国家的政局要几周后才能最终明朗。
另一方面,欧元区经济不景气国家对整体市场的影响在与日俱增,特别是意大利很快就会明白他们对市场具有强大的影响力,这令金融市场感到不安。与希腊等小国不同,意大利是欧洲的第三大经济体,它的债务总额已达到1.9万亿欧元这样庞大的规模。更重要的是,欧元区没有这样的危机应变计划,因此一直未能达成协议。
另一个值得关注的是,与2008年时美联储的积极主动不同,欧洲央行这次显得谨小慎微。投资者仍然担心,针对欧洲各大银行的“圈护”(ring-fencing)措施实施不到位。更令投资者蒙上一层阴影的是,现在有传言法德两国正在讨论将欧元区部分解体或进行重组。彭博社报道称,,默克尔领导的基民盟开始制订应急计划,将允许不愿或不能遵守欧元区共同货币规则的欧元区成员国退出欧元区、但继续保留欧盟成员国身份。默克尔则含糊地表示,欧洲的情况是变得如此糟糕,如果不对欧盟条约进行修改,欧盟将无法生存。她说:“因为世界的变化是如此巨大,我们必须准备如何应对挑战。”。
虽然市场关注的焦点仍然是欧洲政治局势,但欧债危机日益令人担忧的根本原因是欧元区经济增长状况。事实上,一方面欧元区各国日益绝望地尝试出台财政紧缩政策的同时,另一方面却缺乏长期经济增长战略,这是投资者逃离的主要原因。经济学家预计,欧元区经济将在2011年第四季度和2012年第一季度出现衰退。因此,欧洲央行可能会在今年12月份再次将基准利率下调25个基点。10月份欧元区综合采购经理人指数降至46.5,该数据低于50意味着经济收缩,其中产出指数(46.5)和新订单指数(44.7)均出现大幅下滑。基于可追溯至1998年的数据,10月份欧元区综合采购经理人指数为46.5,意味着欧元区GDP(国内生产总值)年增长率下降近2%。
与此消息一致的是,德国来自其他欧元区经济体的制造业订单大幅减少。尤其令人担忧的是,欧元区较大经济体的经济增长正迅速恶化,其中10月份PMI综合产出指数调查表明,西班牙为41.7,意大利为43.1,在欧元区成员国中它们的数据垫底;法国为45.6,也进入衰退区间。总之,经济增长仍然是欧债危机的核心问题,但这一问题无法速战速决。
“It"s all about Euro zone: risk, rebound, reshuffle and recession” The week was quite volatile but risk assets are net up, and safe bonds are down, helped by optimism from political changes in Greece and Italy. Excessive pessimism and bearish positions among investors continue to create an asymmetric outlook for equity markets, with bearish news creating limited downside and positive news more pronounced rebounds. Most fund flows data suggest that positions remain low, supporting further equity rallies in the absence of big negative news. The reporting season is adding to positive momentum. More importantly, profit margins appear to have expanded over the past year. SP500 EPS grew 16% yoy in 3Q, vs. 11% for Sales-per-Share. The size of EPS surprise is also higher in Europe with +4% for DJStoxx600 vs. 3% for SP500.
It is counter-intuition to see risk markets to gain in a world with so much risk, unknowns, volatility, disequilibria, and pure political ineptitude? But as an investor, the ultimate question we have is where do you get a return? Yields on cash and USTs remain near all-time lows (0-2%) and after tax and inflation, these yields are negative. Equity yields (earnings yields plus inflation) are, in contrast, high by historical standards (8-10%), but obviously require one to buy a very volatile asset. As a result, last month I saw very significant inflows into equity and HY funds, much of which I believe is driven by the dire returns on safe assets. Macro wise, the fear of US economy (2H11= est. 2.5% vs. 1H =1%) stalling has receded, but not gone away. This week alone, trade, claims, and confidence all surprised on the upside. That said, there remains no sign of compromise in Washington on deficit reduction for next year (nor for the next decade). In China, the continued fall in inflation and move to monetary easing is greatly reducing fears of a hard landing. On the negative side, the massive floods in Thailand will have a similar supply-chain effect (40% of scale) as the Japanese tsunami in March. The floods should take 2.25% off global IP growth this quarter, translating into a 0.5% cut in global GDP growth.
That said, Euro area remains at the core of investor concerns, and rightly so. Last month"s EU summit saw the right commitments fiscal solidarity (funding) and fiscal discipline (austerity), but a lot blanks need to be filled in. This week saw some progress in the “Carrot & Stick” policy as Greece now has a new PM and Italy seems set to get one next week. Both should give the EMU creditor nations better confidence that austerity conditions of financial support will actually be implemented. But debtor nations cannot live on austerity alone, as their economies are entering recession, depressing tax revenues even as tax rates are being raised. It is partially why market is turning its attention to Italy, especially after LCH Clearnet demanded for higher repo margins in the Italian bond. This had resulted in a massive surge in Italian bond yields. Fortunately the successful sales of EUR5bn Italian bonds, the passing of Italy"s austerity package by the upper house and the changes in Italian PM helped to restore confidence. 10yr BTPs dipped back below 7%. But the T-bill auction deal came at a yield of 6.087% which is the highest since Sep1997 and was also sharply above the 3.57% it paid at a similar auction last month, and the spread over comparable German bunds held at 16-year highs of ~494bp (per Reuters). These are hardly sustainable levels for Italy and the market will wonder what the rating agencies will have to say if BTPs" yields stay here long enough. Indeed Moody"s last comment on the A2 (Neg outlook) rating was that it could be downgraded, should evidence of ongoing economic weakness, non-achievement of fiscal consolidation targets and/or increasing funding costs translate into significant delays of the reversal of its public debt trajectory. In addition, if Italy"s access to the public debt markets were to be constrained and the LT availability of external sources of liquidity support were to remain uncertain, the sovereign rating could transition to substantially lower rating levels. So net net, there is still plenty to be concerned about. Italy has some big redemption months ahead of us and this will remain a key market focus.
(i美股 刘春编译)